電動車充電站的安全很重要嗎?

隨著各國的綠能政策、國際環保共識及新技術的帶動下，電動車無疑是接下來最大的產業趨勢，數百萬輛電動車在各國高速公路奔馳的畫面亦將指日可待，以今年全球電動車的年銷量成長已超過70%來看，各國於電動車充電站上也緊鑼密鼓的加速擴展佈建。

在我們享受新技術所帶來的商機與便利時，不免還是要關注新科技運作時可能產生的風險與危害，不同於我們對於傳統的內燃機汽車起火、加油站的安全風險已有長久且深入的研究，電動車、充電站及其相關設備的各種未知風險、危害程度才剛要開始經驗累積。

我們一起來看一下電動車充電站在安全上有哪些該注意的風險吧!

電動車充電時的火災風險

火災為電動車充電過程中最大的危害，電動車充電的火災風險多分成兩個區域的故障所引起:

1. 充電站: 充電器、充電電纜、充電連接器

2. 電動車: 電源管理系統 BMS 

若未使用適當的電氣設備、電線和電源，充電器可能會因過熱、過載的電線或不合適的絕緣方式、距離或材料以及短路、電弧、接線不當等引起火災風險，另外，雷擊和電網浪湧也會對充電器造成火災風險。

因此各國除了有相應作法規範或檢查對於欲安裝充電器的建築物電氣設備來滿足充電站的技術要求，一些電動汽車充電器也會設計帶有傳感器來偵測過熱來避免引發火災發生。

而在電動車電源管理系統 BMS 或外部因素方面，目前我們明確已知且熟悉的即為鋰離子電池充電時的風險，如電動車在充電過程中電池(因充電不當、隔膜刺穿、正負兩極短路…等)熱失控冒煙並造成電動車自燃意外的消息也層出不窮。

接地故障與漏電斷路器(GFCI)失效的風險

雖然標準的電動車充電站都會透過GFCI與電力系統的連接來防止免受漏電、電擊發生時的危害，然而調查顯示全球的GFCI因雷擊、老化、磨損和無效的檢查政策等而有57%的失效率，制定相關規範與落實預防保養歲修執行作業來預防風險亦將極其重要。

電動車產業正發展迅速，越來越多的電動車充電站、家用充電樁正如火如荼的建置以因應大量成長的電動車交付，雖然各國政府、消防單位必對於充電站和電動汽車本身的火災做出防範及應變措施，我們皆為產業供應鏈的一員，若能主動做好產品、零件安全相信也能為已是或未來成為車主的我們多一分保障。

以下提供您參考電動車充電站評估相關標準:

Product Type	North American Standards	International standard
EV Charger	UL 2202 - Standard for Electric Vehicle (EV) Charging System Equipment C22.2 No. 107.1 - Power conversion equipment	EN/IEC 61851-1 - Electric vehicle conductive charging system – Part 1: General requirements
AC charging station	UL 2594 - Standard for Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment CSA C22.2 No. 280 - Standard for Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment	EN/IEC 61851-1 - Electric vehicle conductive charging system – Part 1: General requirements EN/IEC 61439-7- Assemblies for specific applications such as marinas, camping sites, market squares, electric vehicle charging stations
DC charging station	UL 2202 - Standard for Electric Vehicle (EV) Charging System Equipment C22.2 No. 107.1 - Power conversion equipment	EN/IEC 61851-1 - Electric vehicle conductive charging system – Part 1: General requirements EN/IEC 61851-23 - Part 23: DC electric vehicle charging station EN/IEC 61851-24 - Part 24: Digital communication between a d.c. EV charging station and an electric vehicle for control of d.c. charging EN/IEC 61439-7 - Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies - Part 7: Assemblies for specific applications such as marinas, camping sites, market squares, electric vehicle charging stations
EV Charger/Supplying Equipment - EMC	FCC Part 15 Part B - Class A / Class B ICES-003	EN/IEC 61851-21-1- Electric vehicle conductive charging systems On-board charger EMC requirements for conductive connection to an a.c./d.c. supply EN/IEC 61851-21-2- Electric vehicle conductive charging system: Electric vehicle requirements for conductive connection to an AC/DC supply.  CISPR 11/EN 55011 CISPR 22 / EN 55022
EV Coupler	UL 2251 –Standard for Plugs, Receptacles, and Couplers for Electric Vehicles CSA C22.2 No. 282 Standard for Plugs, Receptacles, and Couplers for Electric Vehicles	EN/IEC 62196: Plugs, Socket-Outlets, Vehicle
EV Cable	UL 2263- Electric vehicle cable CSA C22.2 NO. 332:22- Electric vehicle cable	EN/IEC 62893-1- Charging cables for electric vehicles for rated voltages up to and including 0,6/1 kV - Part 1: General requirements EN/IEC 62893-2- Test methods EN/IEC 62893-3- Cables for AC charging EN/IEC 62893-4-1 & -4-2- DC charging cables without/ with use of a thermal management system EN 50620- Electric cables – Charging cables for electric vehicles
EV Cord Set	UL 2594 - Standard for Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment CSA C22.2 No. 280 - Standard for Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment	EN/IEC 62752 - In-cable control and protection device for mode 2 charging of electric road vehicles (IC-CPD) EN/IEC 61851-1 - Electric vehicle conductive charging system – Part 1: General requirements